Pernicious Anemia

Pernicious Anemia: A Comprehensive Guide

Introduction

Pernicious anemia is a condition in which the body is unable to absorb vitamin B12 from food. This can lead to a number of health problems, including fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath. In severe cases, pernicious anemia can cause damage to the nervous system and heart.

Causes

Pernicious anemia is caused by a lack of intrinsic factor, a protein that is produced by the stomach. Intrinsic factor is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12 from food. In most cases, pernicious anemia is caused by an autoimmune disorder in which the body's immune system attacks and destroys the cells in the stomach that produce intrinsic factor.

Other causes of pernicious anemia include:

• Gastrectomy (removal of the stomach)
• Intestinal bypass surgery
• Celiac disease
• Crohn's disease
• HIV/AIDS
• Certain medications, such as metformin and colchicine

Symptoms

The symptoms of pernicious anemia can vary depending on the severity of the condition. Common symptoms include:

• Fatigue
• Weakness
• Shortness of breath
• Pale skin
• Sore tongue
• Loss of appetite
• Weight loss
• Numbness or tingling in the hands and feet
• Difficulty concentrating
• Memory loss

Diagnosis

Pernicious anemia is diagnosed with a blood test that measures the levels of vitamin B12 and intrinsic factor in the blood. Other tests that may be used to diagnose pernicious anemia include:

• Schilling test
• Gastric biopsy
• Bone marrow biopsy

Treatment

The treatment for pernicious anemia is vitamin B12 injections. These injections are usually given once a month. In some cases, oral vitamin B12 supplements may be used. Treatment for pernicious anemia is lifelong.

Outlook

With proper treatment, most people with pernicious anemia can live a normal life. However, it is important to follow up with your doctor regularly to monitor your vitamin B12 levels and make sure that you are getting enough of this essential vitamin.

Prevention

There is no known way to prevent pernicious anemia. However, early diagnosis and treatment can help to prevent serious complications.